Month: December 2025

AI, AI Strategy, Artificial Intelligence (AI), Business Intelligence, Cloud computing, Data Careers, Data Education & Training, Data News, Data Strategy, Generative AI, Large Language Models (LLMs), Machine Learning (ML)

The State of Data for the Year 2025

As we close out 2025, it’s clear that the global data landscape has continued its unprecedented expansion — touching every part of life, business, and technology. From raw bytes generated every second to the ways that AI reshapes how we search, communicate, and innovate, this year has marked another seismic leap forward for data. Below is a comprehensive look at where we stand — and where things appear to be headed as we approach 2026.

🌐 Global Data Generation: A Tidal Wave

Amount of Data Generated

  • In 2025, the total volume of data created, captured, copied, and consumed globally is forecast to reach approximately 181 zettabytes (ZB) — up from about 147 ZB in 2024, representing roughly 23% year-over-year growth. Gitnux+1
  • That equates to an astonishing ~402 million terabytes of data generated daily. Exploding Topics

Growth Comparison: 2024 vs 2025

  • Data is growing at a compound rate: from roughly 120 ZB in 2023 to 147 ZB in 2024, then to about 181 ZB in 2025 — illustrating an ongoing surge of data creation driven by digital adoption and connected devices. Exploding Topics+1

🔍 Internet Users & Search Behavior

Number of People Online

  • As of early 2025, around 5.56 billion people are active internet users, accounting for nearly 68% of the global population — up from approximately 5.43 billion in 2024. DemandSage

Search Engine Activity

  • Google alone handles roughly 13.6 billion searches per day in 2025, totaling almost 5 trillion searches annually — a significant increase from the estimated 8.3 billion daily searches in 2024. Exploding Topics
  • Bing, while much smaller in scale, processes around 450+ million searches per day (~13–14 billion per month). Nerdynav

Market Share Snapshot

  • Google continues to dominate search with approximately 90% global market share, while Bing remains one of the top alternatives. StatCounter Global Stats

📱 Social Media Usage & Content Creation

User Numbers

  • There are roughly 5.4–5.45 billion social media users worldwide in 2025 — up from prior years and covering about 65–67% of the global population. XtendedView+1

Time Spent & Trends

  • Users spend on average about 2 hours and 20+ minutes per day on social platforms. SQ Magazine
  • AI plays a central role in content recommendations and creation, with 80%+ of social feeds relying on algorithms, and an increasing share of generated images and posts assisted by AI tools. SQ Magazine

📊 The Explosion of AI: LLMs & Tools

LLM Adoption

  • Large language models and AI assistants like ChatGPT have become globally pervasive:
    • ChatGPT alone has around 800 million weekly active users as of late 2025. First Page Sage
    • Daily usage figures exceed 2.5 billion user prompts globally, highlighting a massive shift toward direct AI interaction. Exploding Topics
  • Studies have shown that LLM-assisted writing and content creation are now embedded across formal and informal communication channels, indicating broad adoption beyond curiosity use cases. arXiv

AI Tools Everywhere

  • Generative AI is now a staple across industries — from content creation to customer service, data analytics to software development. Investments and usage in AI-powered analytics and automation tools continue to rise rapidly. layerai.org

💡 Trends in Data Collection & Analytics

Real-Time & Edge Processing

  • In 2025, more than half of corporate data processing is happening at the edge, closer to the source of data generation, enabling real-time insights. Pennsylvania Institute of Technology

Data Democratization

  • Data access and analytics tools have become more user-friendly, with low-code/no-code platforms enabling broader organizational participation in data insight generation. postlo.com

☁️ Cloud & Data Infrastructure

Cloud Data Growth

  • An ever-increasing portion of global data is stored in the cloud, with estimates suggesting around half of all data resides in cloud environments by 2025. Axis Intelligence

Data Centers & Energy

  • Data centers, particularly those supporting AI workloads, are expanding rapidly. This infrastructure surge is driving both innovation and concerns — including power consumption and sustainability challenges. TIME

📜 Data Laws & Regulation

New Legal Frameworks

  • In the UK, the Data (Use and Access) Act of 2025 was enacted, updating data protection and access rules related to UK-specific GDPR implementations. Wikipedia
  • Elsewhere, data regulation remains a focal point globally, with ongoing debates around privacy, governance, AI accountability, and cross–border data flows.

🛠️ Top Data Tools/Platforms of 2025

While specific rankings vary by industry and use case, 2025’s data ecosystem centers around:

  • Cloud data platforms: Snowflake, BigQuery, Redshift, Databricks
  • BI & visualization: Tableau, Power BI
  • AI/ML frameworks: TensorFlow, PyTorch, scalable LLM platforms
  • Automation & low-code analytics: dbt, Airflow, no-code toolchains
  • Real-time streaming: Kafka, ksqlDB

Ongoing trends emphasize integration between AI tooling and traditional analytics pipelines — blurring the lines between data engineering, analytics, and automation.

Note: specific tool adoption percentages vary by firm size and sector, but cloud-native and AI-augmented tools dominate enterprise workflows. Reddit

🌟 Novel Uses of Data in 2025

2025 saw innovative applications such as:

  • AI-powered disaster response using real-time social data streams.
  • Conversational assistants embedded into everyday workflows (search, writing, decision support).
  • Predictive analytics in health, finance, logistics, accelerated by real-time IoT feeds.
  • Synthetic datasets for simulation, security research, and model training. arXiv

🔮 What’s Expected in 2026

Continued Growth

  • Data volumes are projected to keep rising — potentially doubling every few years with the proliferation of AI, IoT, and immersive technologies.
  • LLM adoption will likely hit deeper integration into enterprise processes, customer experience workflows, and consumer tech.
  • AI governance and data privacy regulation will intensify globally, balancing innovation with accountability.

Emerging Frontiers

  • Multimodal AI blending text, vision, and real-time sensor data.
  • Federated learning and privacy-preserving analytics gaining traction.
  • Data meshes and decentralized data infrastructures challenging traditional monolithic systems.
  • Unified data platforms with AI-focused features and AI-focused business-ready data models are becoming common place.

📌 Final Thoughts

2025 has been another banner year for data — not just in sheer scale, but in how data powers decision-making, AI capabilities, and digital interactions across society. From trillions of searches to billions of social interactions, from zettabytes of oceans of data to democratized analytics tools, the data world continues to evolve at breakneck speed. And for data professionals and leaders, the next year promises even more opportunities to harness data for insight, innovation, and impact. Exciting stuff!

Thanks for reading!

AI, AI Governance, Artificial Intelligence (AI), Data Careers, Data Education & Training, Generative AI

The Use of AI by Students: Opportunity, Responsibility, and the Future of Learning

Introduction: The Rapid Rise of AI in Education

Over the past few years, artificial intelligence (AI) tools have exploded in popularity, and students have been among the fastest adopters. Tools that can answer questions, summarize content, write essays, generate code, and explain complex topics are now available instantly, often for free or at very low cost.

The reason for this rapid adoption is simple: AI tools are accessible, fast, and powerful. They remove friction from learning and problem-solving, offering immediate assistance in a world where students are already juggling heavy workloads, deadlines, and external pressures. As AI becomes embedded in everyday technology, its presence in education is no longer optional—it is inevitable.

How AI Tools Can Be Helpful to Students

When used correctly, AI tools can significantly enhance the student learning experience. Some of the most valuable benefits include:

  • Personalized explanations: AI can explain concepts in multiple ways, adapting explanations to a student’s level of understanding.
  • Study assistance: Tools can summarize textbooks, generate practice questions, and help students review key ideas before exams.
  • Writing support: AI can help students brainstorm ideas, improve clarity, fix grammar, and structure essays.
  • Technical learning support: For subjects like programming, math, and data analysis, AI can help debug code, walk through formulas, and explain logic step by step.
  • Time efficiency: By reducing time spent stuck on a problem, students can focus more on understanding and applying concepts.

Used as a tutor or study partner, AI can level the playing field and provide support that many students might not otherwise have access to.

The Challenges AI Tools Bring for Students

Despite their benefits, AI tools also introduce serious challenges:

  • Overreliance: Students may rely on AI to produce answers rather than learning how to think through problems themselves.
  • Shallow learning: Copying AI-generated responses can result in surface-level understanding without true comprehension.
  • Academic integrity risks: Improper use of AI can violate school policies and lead to disciplinary action.
  • Reduced critical thinking: Constantly deferring to AI can weaken problem-solving, creativity, and independent reasoning skills.

The biggest risk is not the technology itself, but how it is used.

AI Is Here to Stay

One thing is clear: AI tools are not going away. They will continue to evolve and become part of the new educational and professional landscape. Just as calculators, search engines, and spell checkers became accepted tools over time, AI will become another standard component of how people learn and work.

The key question is no longer whether students will use AI, but how responsibly and effectively they will use it.

Are AI Tools Making Students Less Resourceful—or Better Learners?

This debate is ongoing, and the truth lies somewhere in the middle.

  • When misused, AI can make students passive, dependent, and less capable of independent thought.
  • When used properly, AI can accelerate learning, deepen understanding, and encourage curiosity.

AI is neither inherently good nor bad for learning. It is an amplifier. It amplifies good study habits when used intentionally, and poor habits when used carelessly.

Recommendations for Students Using AI Tools

To get the most benefit while avoiding the pitfalls, students should follow these guidelines:

When and How to Use AI

  • Use AI to clarify concepts, not replace learning.
  • Ask AI to explain why, not just provide answers.
  • Use AI to review, summarize, or practice after attempting the work yourself.
  • Treat AI as a study assistant or tutor, not a shortcut.

When and How Not to Use AI

  • Do not submit AI-generated work as your own unless explicitly allowed.
  • Avoid using AI to complete assignments you have not attempted yourself.
  • Do not rely on AI to think critically or creatively on your behalf.

Assignments and Learning

  • Try the assignment first without AI.
  • Use AI to check understanding or explore alternative approaches.
  • Make sure you can explain the solution in your own words.

Understand the Subject Matter

Getting help from AI does not replace the need to understand the topic. Exams, interviews, and real-world situations will require your knowledge—not AI’s output.

Think Before Using AI

Ask yourself:

  • What am I trying to learn here?
  • Is AI helping me understand, or just helping me finish faster?

AI as an Enhancer, Not a Do-It-All Tool

The most successful students will use AI to enhance their abilities, not outsource them.

A Critical Reminder: AI Will Not Take Your Exams

No matter how advanced AI becomes, it will not sit in your exam room, take your test, or answer oral questions for you. Your understanding, preparation, and effort will always matter. Relying too heavily on AI during coursework can leave students unprepared when it counts most.

Know Your School’s AI Policy

Students must take responsibility for understanding their institution’s policies on AI use. Rules vary widely across schools and instructors, and ignorance is not a defense. Knowing what is allowed—and what is not—is essential for protecting academic integrity and personal credibility.

Where Things Might Go Next

In the future, we are likely to see:

  • Clearer guidelines and standardized AI policies in education.
  • AI tools designed specifically for ethical learning support.
  • Greater emphasis on critical thinking, problem-solving, and applied knowledge.
  • Assessments that focus more on reasoning and understanding than memorization.

Education will adapt, and students who learn to use AI wisely will be better prepared for the modern workforce.

Summary

AI tools are powerful, accessible, and here to stay. For students, they offer enormous potential to support learning—but also real risks if misused. The difference lies in intent and discipline.

Used thoughtfully, AI can deepen understanding and improve learning outcomes. Used carelessly, it can weaken essential skills and undermine education. The responsibility ultimately rests with students to use AI as a supplement, not a substitute, for learning.

The future belongs to learners who can think, adapt, and use tools—AI included—wisely.

Share this article with students you know so that they can ponder this important topic and the views shared.

Thanks for reading!

AI, AI Governance, AI Strategy, Analytics, Artificial Intelligence (AI), Cloud computing, Computer Vision, Data Analysis, Data Careers, Data Education & Training, Data Governance, Data Integration, Data Strategy, Deep Learning, Generative AI, HR analytics, Large Language Models (LLMs), Machine Learning (ML), Natural Language Processing (NLP), People Analytics, Predictive Analytics, Workday, Workforce Analytics

AI in Human Resources: From Administrative Support to Strategic Workforce Intelligence
“AI in …” series

Human Resources has always been about people—but it’s also about data: skills, performance, engagement, compensation, and workforce planning. As organizations grow more complex and talent markets tighten, HR teams are being asked to move faster, be more predictive, and deliver better employee experiences at scale.

AI is increasingly the engine enabling that shift. From recruiting and onboarding to learning, engagement, and workforce planning, AI is transforming how HR operates and how employees experience work.

How AI Is Being Used in Human Resources Today

AI is now embedded across the end-to-end employee lifecycle:

Talent Acquisition & Recruiting

  • LinkedIn Talent Solutions uses AI to match candidates to roles based on skills, experience, and career intent.
  • Workday Recruiting and SAP SuccessFactors apply machine learning to rank candidates and surface best-fit applicants.
  • Paradox (Olivia) uses conversational AI to automate candidate screening, scheduling, and frontline hiring at scale.

Resume Screening & Skills Matching

  • Eightfold AI and HiredScore use deep learning to infer skills, reduce bias, and match candidates to open roles and future opportunities.
  • AI shifts recruiting from keyword matching to skills-based hiring.

Employee Onboarding & HR Service Delivery

  • ServiceNow HR Service Delivery uses AI chatbots to answer employee questions, guide onboarding, and route HR cases.
  • Microsoft Copilot for HR scenarios help managers draft job descriptions, onboarding plans, and performance feedback.

Learning & Development

  • Degreed and Cornerstone AI recommend personalized learning paths based on role, skills gaps, and career goals.
  • AI-driven content curation adapts as employee skills evolve.

Performance Management & Engagement

  • Betterworks and Lattice use AI to analyze feedback, goal progress, and engagement signals.
  • Sentiment analysis helps HR identify burnout risks or morale issues early.

Workforce Planning & Attrition Prediction

  • Visier applies AI to predict attrition risk, model workforce scenarios, and support strategic planning.
  • HR leaders use AI insights to proactively retain key talent.

Those are just a few examples of AI tools and scenarios in use. There are a lot more AI solutions for HR out there!

Tools, Technologies, and Forms of AI in Use

HR AI platforms combine people data with advanced analytics:

  • Machine Learning & Predictive Analytics
    Used for attrition prediction, candidate ranking, and workforce forecasting.
  • Natural Language Processing (NLP)
    Powers resume parsing, sentiment analysis, chatbots, and document generation.
  • Generative AI & Large Language Models (LLMs)
    Used to generate job descriptions, interview questions, learning content, and policy summaries.
    • Examples: Workday AI, Microsoft Copilot, Google Duet AI, ChatGPT for HR workflows
  • Skills Ontologies & Graph AI
    Used by platforms like Eightfold AI to map skills across roles and career paths.
  • HR AI Platforms
    • Workday AI
    • SAP SuccessFactors Joule
    • Oracle HCM AI
    • UKG Bryte AI

And there are AI tools being used across the entire employee lifecycle.

Benefits Organizations Are Realizing

Companies using AI effectively in HR are seeing meaningful benefits:

  • Faster Time-to-Hire and reduced recruiting costs
  • Improved Candidate and Employee Experience
  • More Objective, Skills-Based Decisions
  • Higher Retention through proactive interventions
  • Scalable HR Operations without proportional headcount growth
  • Better Strategic Workforce Planning

AI allows HR teams to spend less time on manual tasks and more time on high-impact, people-centered work.

Pitfalls and Challenges

AI in HR also carries significant risks if not implemented carefully:

Bias and Fairness Concerns

  • Poorly designed models can reinforce historical bias in hiring, promotion, or pay decisions.

Transparency and Explainability

  • Employees and regulators increasingly demand clarity on how AI-driven decisions are made.

Data Privacy and Trust

  • HR data is deeply personal; misuse or breaches can erode employee trust quickly.

Over-Automation

  • Excessive reliance on AI can make HR feel impersonal, especially in sensitive situations.

Failed AI Projects

  • Some initiatives fail because they focus on automation without aligning to HR strategy or culture.

Where AI Is Headed in Human Resources

The future of AI in HR is more strategic, personalized, and collaborative:

  • AI as an HR Copilot
    Assisting HR partners and managers with decisions, documentation, and insights in real time.
  • Skills-Centric Organizations
    AI continuously mapping skills supply and demand across the enterprise.
  • Personalized Employee Journeys
    Tailored learning, career paths, and engagement strategies.
  • Predictive Workforce Strategy
    AI modeling future talent needs based on business scenarios.
  • Responsible and Governed AI
    Stronger emphasis on ethics, explainability, and compliance.

How Companies Can Gain an Advantage with AI in HR

To use AI as a competitive advantage, organizations should:

  1. Start with High-Trust Use Cases
    Recruiting efficiency, learning recommendations, and HR service automation often deliver fast wins.
  2. Invest in Clean, Integrated People Data
    AI effectiveness depends on accurate and well-governed HR data.
  3. Design for Fairness and Transparency
    Bias testing and explainability should be built in from day one.
  4. Keep Humans in the Loop
    AI should inform decisions—not make them in isolation.
  5. Upskill HR Teams
    AI-literate HR professionals can better interpret insights and guide leaders.
  6. Align AI with Culture and Values
    Technology should reinforce—not undermine—the employee experience.

Final Thoughts

AI is reshaping Human Resources from a transactional function into a strategic engine for talent, culture, and growth. The organizations that succeed won’t be those that automate HR the most—but those that use AI to make work more human, more fair, and more aligned with business outcomes.

In HR, AI isn’t about replacing people—it’s about improving efficiency, elevating the candidate and employee experiences, and helping employees thrive.

Business Intelligence (BI) Development, Data Development, Data Modeling, Microsoft Fabric, Power BI, Power Query

Understanding the Power BI Error: “A circular dependency was detected …”

One of the more confusing Power BI errors—especially for intermediate users—is:

“A circular dependency was detected”

This error typically appears when working with DAX measures, calculated columns, calculated tables, relationships, or Power Query transformations. While the message is short, the underlying causes can vary, and resolving it requires understanding how Power BI evaluates dependencies.

This article explains what the error means, common scenarios that cause it, and how to resolve each case.

What Does “Circular Dependency” Mean?

A circular dependency occurs when Power BI cannot determine the correct calculation order because:

  • Object A depends on B
  • Object B depends on A (directly or indirectly)

In other words, Power BI is stuck in a loop and cannot decide which calculation should be evaluated first.

Power BI uses a dependency graph behind the scenes to determine evaluation order. When that graph forms a cycle, this error is triggered.

Example of the Error Message

Below is what the error typically looks like in Power BI Desktop:

A circular dependency was detected:
Table[Calculated Column] → Measure[Total Sales] → Table[Calculated Column]

Power BI may list:

  • Calculated columns
  • Measures
  • Tables
  • Relationships involved in the loop

⚠️ The exact wording varies depending on whether the issue is in DAX, relationships, or Power Query.

Common Scenarios That Cause Circular Dependency Errors

1. Calculated Column Referencing a Measure That Uses the Same Column

Scenario

  • A calculated column references a measure
  • That measure aggregates or filters the same table containing the calculated column

Example

-- Calculated Column
Flag =
IF ( [Total Sales] > 1000, "High", "Low" )

-- Measure
Total Sales =
SUM ( Sales[SalesAmount] )

Why This Fails

  • Calculated columns are evaluated row by row during data refresh
  • Measures are evaluated at query time
  • The measure depends on the column, and the column depends on the measure → loop

How to Fix

✅ Replace the measure with row-level logic

Flag =
IF ( Sales[SalesAmount] > 1000, "High", "Low" )

✅ Or convert the calculated column into a measure if aggregation is needed

2. Measures That Indirectly Reference Each Other

Scenario

Two or more measures reference each other through intermediate measures.

Example

Measure A = [Measure B] + 10
Measure B = [Measure A] * 2

Why This Fails

  • Power BI cannot determine which measure to evaluate first

How to Fix

✅ Redesign logic so one measure is foundational

  • Base calculations on columns or constants
  • Avoid bi-directional measure dependencies

Best Practice

  • Create base measures (e.g., Total Sales, Total Cost)
  • Build higher-level measures on top of them

3. Calculated Tables Referencing Themselves (Directly or Indirectly)

Scenario

A calculated table references:

  • Another calculated table
  • Or a measure that references the original table

Example

SummaryTable =
SUMMARIZE (
    SummaryTable,
    Sales[Category],
    "Total", SUM ( Sales[SalesAmount] )
)

Why This Fails

  • The table depends on itself for creation

How to Fix

✅ Ensure calculated tables reference:

  • Physical tables only
  • Or previously created calculated tables that do not depend back on them

4. Bi-Directional Relationships Creating Dependency Loops

Scenario

  • Multiple tables connected with Both (bi-directional) relationships
  • Measures or columns rely on ambiguous filter paths

Why This Fails

  • Power BI cannot determine a single filter direction
  • Creates an implicit circular dependency

How to Fix

✅ Use single-direction relationships whenever possible
✅ Replace bi-directional filtering with:

  • USERELATIONSHIP
  • TREATAS
  • Explicit DAX logic

Rule of Thumb

Bi-directional relationships should be the exception, not the default.

5. Calculated Columns Using LOOKUPVALUE or RELATED Incorrectly

Scenario

Calculated columns use LOOKUPVALUE or RELATED across tables that already depend on each other.

Why This Fails

  • Cross-table column dependencies form a loop

How to Fix

✅ Move logic to:

  • Power Query (preferred)
  • Measures instead of columns
  • A dimension table instead of a fact table

6. Power Query (M) Queries That Reference Each Other

Scenario

In Power Query:

  • Query A references Query B
  • Query B references Query A (or via another query)

Why This Fails

  • Power Query evaluates queries in dependency order
  • Circular references are not allowed

How to Fix

✅ Create a staging query

  • Reference the source once
  • Build transformations in layers

Best Practice

  • Disable load for intermediate queries
  • Keep a clear, one-direction flow of dependencies

7. Sorting a column by another column that derives its value from the column

Scenario

In DAX:

  • Column A is being sorted by Column B
  • Column B derives from Column A

Why This Fails

  • Power BI cannot determine which one to evaluate first

How to Fix: you have two options for resolving this scenario …

✅ Create the calculated columns in reverse order

✅Rewrite at least one of the calculated columns to be derived in a different way that does not reference the other column.

Best Practice

  • Keep a clear, one-direction flow of dependencies

How to Diagnose Circular Dependency Issues Faster

Use These Tools

  • Model view → inspect relationships and directions
  • Manage dependencies (in Power Query)
  • DAX formula bar → hover over column and measure references
  • Tabular Editor (if available) for dependency visualization

Best Practices to Avoid Circular Dependencies

  • Prefer measures over calculated columns
  • Keep calculated columns row-level only
  • Avoid referencing measures inside calculated columns
  • Use single-direction relationships
  • Create base measures and build upward
  • Push complex transformations to Power Query

Final Thoughts

The “A circular dependency was detected” error is not a bug—it’s Power BI protecting the model from ambiguous or impossible calculation paths.

Once you understand how Power BI evaluates columns, measures, relationships, and queries, this error becomes much easier to diagnose and prevent.

If you treat your model like a clean dependency graph—with clear direction and layering—you’ll rarely see this message again.

Data Development, Data Modeling, Microsoft Fabric, Power BI

A Deep Dive into the Power BI DAX CALCULATE Function

The CALCULATE function is often described as the most important function in DAX. It is also one of the most misunderstood. While many DAX functions return values, CALCULATE fundamentally changes how a calculation is evaluated by modifying the filter context.

If you understand CALCULATE, you unlock the ability to write powerful, flexible, and business-ready measures in Power BI.

This article explores when to use CALCULATE, how it works, and real-world use cases with varying levels of complexity.

What Is CALCULATE?

At its core, CALCULATE:

Evaluates an expression under a modified filter context

Basic Syntax

CALCULATE (
    <expression>,
    <filter1>,
    <filter2>,
    ...
)
  • <expression>
    A measure or aggregation (e.g., SUM, COUNT, another measure)
  • <filter> arguments
    Conditions that add, remove, or override filters for the calculation

Why CALCULATE Is So Important

CALCULATE is unique in DAX because it:

  1. Changes filter context
  2. Performs context transition (row context → filter context)
  3. Enables time intelligence
  4. Enables conditional logic across dimensions
  5. Allows comparisons like YTD, LY, rolling periods, ratios, and exceptions

Many advanced DAX patterns cannot exist without CALCULATE.

When Should You Use CALCULATE?

You should use CALCULATE when:

  • You need to modify filters dynamically
  • You want to ignore, replace, or add filters
  • You are performing time-based analysis
  • You need a measure to behave differently depending on context
  • You need row context to behave like filter context

If your measure requires business logic, not just aggregation, CALCULATE is almost always involved.

How CALCULATE Works (Conceptually)

Evaluation Steps (Simplified)

  1. Existing filter context is identified
  2. Filters inside CALCULATE are applied:
    • Existing filters may be overridden
    • New filters may be added
  3. The expression is evaluated under the new context

Important: Filters inside CALCULATE are not additive by default — they replace filters on the same column unless otherwise specified.

Basic Example: Filtering a Measure

Total Sales

Total Sales :=
SUM ( Sales[SalesAmount] )

Sales for a Specific Category

Sales – Bikes :=
CALCULATE (
    [Total Sales],
    Product[Category] = "Bikes"
)

This measure:

  • Ignores any existing filter on Product[Category]
  • Forces the calculation to only include Bikes

Using CALCULATE with Multiple Filters

Sales – Bikes – 2024 :=
CALCULATE (
    [Total Sales],
    Product[Category] = "Bikes",
    'Date'[Year] = 2024
)

Each filter argument refines the evaluation context.

Overriding vs Preserving Filters

Replacing Filters (Default Behavior)

CALCULATE (
    [Total Sales],
    'Date'[Year] = 2024
)

Any existing year filter is replaced.

Preserving Filters with KEEPFILTERS

CALCULATE (
    [Total Sales],
    KEEPFILTERS ( 'Date'[Year] = 2024 )
)

This intersects the existing filter context instead of replacing it.

Removing Filters with CALCULATE

Remove All Filters from a Table

CALCULATE (
    [Total Sales],
    ALL ( Product )
)

Used for:

  • Percent of total
  • Market share
  • Benchmarks

Remove Filters from a Single Column

CALCULATE (
    [Total Sales],
    ALL ( Product[Category] )
)

Other product filters (e.g., brand) still apply.

Common Business Pattern: Percent of Total

Sales % of Total :=
DIVIDE (
    [Total Sales],
    CALCULATE ( [Total Sales], ALL ( Product ) )
)

This works because CALCULATE removes product filters only for the denominator.

Context Transition: CALCULATE in Row Context

One of the most critical (and confusing) aspects of CALCULATE is context transition.

Example: Calculated Column Scenario

Customer Sales :=
CALCULATE (
    [Total Sales]
)

When used in a row context (e.g., inside a calculated column or iterator), CALCULATE:

  • Converts the current row into filter context
  • Allows measures to work correctly per row

Without CALCULATE, many row-level calculations would fail or return incorrect results.

Time Intelligence with CALCULATE

Most time intelligence functions must be wrapped in CALCULATE.

Year-to-Date Sales

Sales YTD :=
CALCULATE (
    [Total Sales],
    DATESYTD ( 'Date'[Date] )
)

Previous Year Sales

Sales LY :=
CALCULATE (
    [Total Sales],
    SAMEPERIODLASTYEAR ( 'Date'[Date] )
)

Rolling 12 Months

Sales Rolling 12 :=
CALCULATE (
    [Total Sales],
    DATESINPERIOD (
        'Date'[Date],
        MAX ( 'Date'[Date] ),
        -12,
        MONTH
    )
)

Using Boolean Filters vs Table Filters

Boolean Filter (Simple, Fast)

CALCULATE (
    [Total Sales],
    Sales[Region] = "West"
)

Table Filter (More Flexible)

CALCULATE (
    [Total Sales],
    FILTER (
        Sales,
        Sales[Quantity] > 10
    )
)

Use FILTER when:

  • The condition involves measures
  • Multiple columns are involved
  • Logic cannot be expressed as a simple Boolean

Advanced Pattern: Conditional Calculations

High Value Sales :=
CALCULATE (
    [Total Sales],
    FILTER (
        Sales,
        Sales[SalesAmount] > 1000
    )
)

This pattern is common for:

  • Exception reporting
  • Threshold-based KPIs
  • Business rules

Performance Considerations

  • Prefer Boolean filters over FILTER when possible
  • Avoid unnecessary CALCULATE nesting
  • Be cautious with ALL ( Table ) on large tables
  • Use measures, not calculated columns, when possible

Common Mistakes with CALCULATE

  1. Using it when it’s not needed
  2. Expecting filters to be additive (they usually replace)
  3. Overusing FILTER instead of Boolean filters
  4. Misunderstanding row context vs filter context
  5. Nesting CALCULATE unnecessarily

Where to Learn More About CALCULATE

If you want to go deeper (and you should), these are excellent resources:

Official Documentation

  • Microsoft Learn – CALCULATE
  • DAX Reference on Microsoft Learn

Books

  • The Definitive Guide to DAX — Marco Russo & Alberto Ferrari
  • Analyzing Data with Power BI and Power Pivot for Excel

Websites & Blogs

  • SQLBI.com (arguably the best DAX resource available)
  • Microsoft Power BI Blog

Video Content

  • SQLBI YouTube Channel
  • Microsoft Learn video modules
  • Power BI community sessions

Final Thoughts

CALCULATE is not just a function — it is the engine of DAX.
Once you understand how it manipulates filter context, DAX stops feeling mysterious and starts feeling predictable.

Mastering CALCULATE is one of the biggest steps you can take toward writing clear, efficient, and business-ready Power BI measures.

Thanks for reading!

AI, AI Strategy, Analytics, Artificial Intelligence (AI), Cloud computing, Computer Vision, Data Education & Training, Data Science, Data Strategy, Deep Learning, Generative AI, Internet of Things (IoT), Large Language Models (LLMs), Machine Learning (ML), Natural Language Processing (NLP), Predictive Analytics

AI in Manufacturing: From Smart Factories to Self-Optimizing Operations
“AI in …” series

Manufacturing has always been about efficiency, quality, and scale. What’s changed is the speed and intelligence with which manufacturers can now operate. AI is moving factories beyond basic automation into adaptive, data-driven systems that can predict problems, optimize production, and continuously improve outcomes.

Across discrete manufacturing, process manufacturing, automotive, electronics, and industrial equipment, AI is becoming a core pillar of digital transformation.

How AI Is Being Used in Manufacturing Today

AI is embedded across the manufacturing value chain:

Predictive Maintenance

  • Siemens uses AI models within its MindSphere platform to predict equipment failures before they happen, reducing unplanned downtime.
  • GE Aerospace applies machine learning to sensor data from jet engines to predict maintenance needs and extend asset life.

Quality Inspection & Defect Detection

  • BMW uses computer vision and deep learning to inspect welds, paint finishes, and component alignment on production lines.
  • Foxconn applies AI-powered visual inspection to detect microscopic defects in electronics manufacturing.

Production Planning & Scheduling

  • AI optimizes production schedules based on demand forecasts, machine availability, and supply constraints.
  • Bosch uses AI-driven planning systems to dynamically adjust production based on real-time conditions.

Robotics & Intelligent Automation

  • Collaborative robots (“cobots”) powered by AI adapt to human movements and changing tasks.
  • ABB integrates AI into robotics for flexible assembly and material handling.

Supply Chain & Inventory Optimization

  • Procter & Gamble uses AI to predict demand shifts and optimize global supply chains.
  • Manufacturers apply AI to identify supplier risks, logistics bottlenecks, and inventory imbalances.

Energy Management & Sustainability

  • AI systems optimize energy consumption across plants, helping manufacturers reduce costs and carbon emissions.

Tools, Technologies, and Forms of AI in Use

Manufacturing AI typically blends operational technology (OT) with advanced analytics:

  • Machine Learning & Deep Learning
    Used for predictive maintenance, forecasting, quality control, and anomaly detection.
  • Computer Vision
    Core to automated inspection, safety monitoring, and process verification.
  • Industrial IoT (IIoT) + AI
    Sensor data from machines feeds AI models in near real time.
  • Digital Twins
    Virtual models of factories, production lines, or equipment simulate scenarios and optimize performance.
    • Siemens Digital Twin and Dassault Systèmes 3DEXPERIENCE are widely used platforms.
  • AI Platforms & Manufacturing Suites
    • Siemens MindSphere
    • PTC ThingWorx
    • Rockwell Automation FactoryTalk Analytics
    • Azure AI and AWS IoT Greengrass for scalable AI deployment
  • Edge AI
    AI models run directly on machines or local devices to reduce latency and improve reliability.

Benefits Manufacturers Are Realizing

Manufacturers that deploy AI effectively are seeing clear advantages:

  • Reduced Downtime through predictive maintenance
  • Higher Product Quality and fewer defects
  • Lower Operating Costs via optimized processes
  • Improved Throughput and Yield
  • Greater Flexibility in responding to demand changes
  • Enhanced Worker Safety through AI-based monitoring

In capital-intensive environments, even small efficiency gains can translate into significant financial impact.

Pitfalls and Challenges

AI adoption in manufacturing is not without obstacles:

Data Readiness Issues

  • Legacy equipment often lacks sensors or produces inconsistent data, limiting AI effectiveness.

Integration Complexity

  • Bridging IT systems with OT environments is technically and organizationally challenging.

Skills Gaps

  • Manufacturers often struggle to find talent that understands both AI and industrial processes.

High Upfront Costs

  • Computer vision systems, sensors, and edge devices require capital investment.

Over-Ambitious Projects

  • Some AI initiatives fail because they attempt full “smart factory” transformations instead of targeted improvements.

Where AI Is Headed in Manufacturing

The next phase of AI in manufacturing is focused on autonomy and adaptability:

  • Self-Optimizing Factories
    AI systems that automatically adjust production parameters without human intervention.
  • Generative AI for Engineering and Operations
    Used to generate process documentation, maintenance instructions, and design alternatives.
  • More Advanced Digital Twins
    Real-time, continuously updated simulations of entire plants and supply networks.
  • Human–AI Collaboration on the Shop Floor
    AI copilots assisting operators, engineers, and maintenance teams.
  • AI-Driven Sustainability
    Optimization of materials, energy use, and waste reduction to meet ESG goals.

How Manufacturers Can Gain an Advantage

To compete effectively in this rapidly evolving landscape, manufacturers should:

  1. Start with High-Value, Operational Use Cases
    Predictive maintenance and quality inspection often deliver fast ROI.
  2. Invest in Data Infrastructure and IIoT
    Reliable, high-quality sensor data is foundational.
  3. Adopt a Phased Approach
    Scale proven pilots rather than pursuing all-encompassing transformations.
  4. Bridge IT and OT Teams
    Cross-functional collaboration is critical for success.
  5. Upskill the Workforce
    Engineers and operators who understand AI amplify its impact.
  6. Design for Explainability and Trust
    Especially important in safety-critical and regulated environments.

Final Thoughts

AI is reshaping manufacturing from the factory floor to the global supply chain. The most successful manufacturers aren’t chasing AI for its own sake—they’re using it to solve concrete operational problems, empower workers, and build more resilient, intelligent operations.

In manufacturing, AI isn’t just about automation—it’s about continuous learning at industrial scale.

AI, AI Strategy, Analytics, Artificial Intelligence (AI), Cloud computing, Computer Vision, Data Analysis, Data Careers, Data Education & Training, Data News, Data Science, Data Strategy, Data Visualization, Deep Learning, Generative AI, Large Language Models (LLMs), Machine Learning (ML), Natural Language Processing (NLP), Power BI, Power Query, Predictive Analytics, Python, SQL

AI Career Options for Early-Career Professionals and New Graduates

Artificial Intelligence is shaping nearly every industry, but breaking into AI right out of college can feel overwhelming. The good news is that you don’t need a PhD or years of experience to start a successful AI-related career. Many AI roles are designed specifically for early-career talent, blending technical skills with problem-solving, communication, and business understanding.

This article outlines excellent AI career options for people just entering the workforce, explaining what each role involves, why it’s a strong choice, and how to prepare with the right skills, tools, and learning resources.

1. AI / Machine Learning Engineer (Junior)

What It Is & What It Involves

Machine Learning Engineers build, train, test, and deploy machine learning models. Junior roles typically focus on:

  • Implementing existing models
  • Cleaning and preparing data
  • Running experiments
  • Supporting senior engineers

Why It’s a Good Option

  • High demand and strong salary growth
  • Clear career progression
  • Central role in AI development

Skills & Preparation Needed

Technical Skills

  • Python
  • SQL
  • Basic statistics & linear algebra
  • Machine learning fundamentals
  • Libraries: scikit-learn, TensorFlow, PyTorch

Where to Learn

  • Coursera (Andrew Ng ML specialization)
  • Fast.ai
  • Kaggle projects
  • University CS or data science coursework

Difficulty Level: ⭐⭐⭐⭐ (Moderate–High)

2. Data Analyst (AI-Enabled)

What It Is & What It Involves

Data Analysts use AI tools to analyze data, generate insights, and support decision-making. Tasks often include:

  • Data cleaning and visualization
  • Dashboard creation
  • Using AI tools to speed up analysis
  • Communicating insights to stakeholders

Why It’s a Good Option

  • Very accessible for new graduates
  • Excellent entry point into AI
  • Builds strong business and technical foundations

Skills & Preparation Needed

Technical Skills

  • SQL
  • Excel
  • Python (optional but helpful)
  • Power BI / Tableau
  • AI tools (ChatGPT, Copilot, AutoML)

Where to Learn

  • Microsoft Learn
  • Google Data Analytics Certificate
  • Kaggle datasets
  • Internships and entry-level analyst roles

Difficulty Level: ⭐⭐ (Low–Moderate)

3. Prompt Engineer / AI Specialist (Entry Level)

What It Is & What It Involves

Prompt Engineers design, test, and optimize instructions for AI systems to get reliable and accurate outputs. Entry-level roles focus on:

  • Writing prompts
  • Testing AI behavior
  • Improving outputs for business use cases
  • Supporting AI adoption across teams

Why It’s a Good Option

  • Low technical barrier
  • High demand across industries
  • Great for strong communicators and problem-solvers

Skills & Preparation Needed

Key Skills

  • Clear writing and communication
  • Understanding how LLMs work
  • Logical thinking
  • Domain knowledge (marketing, analytics, HR, etc.)

Where to Learn

  • OpenAI documentation
  • Prompt engineering guides
  • Hands-on practice with ChatGPT, Claude, Gemini
  • Real-world experimentation

Difficulty Level: ⭐⭐ (Low–Moderate)

4. AI Product Analyst / Associate Product Manager

What It Is & What It Involves

This role sits between business, engineering, and AI teams. Responsibilities include:

  • Defining AI features
  • Translating business needs into AI solutions
  • Analyzing product performance
  • Working with data and AI engineers

Why It’s a Good Option

  • Strong career growth
  • Less coding than engineering roles
  • Excellent mix of strategy and technology

Skills & Preparation Needed

Key Skills

  • Basic AI/ML concepts
  • Data analysis
  • Product thinking
  • Communication and stakeholder management

Where to Learn

  • Product management bootcamps
  • AI fundamentals courses
  • Internships or associate PM roles
  • Case studies and product simulations

Difficulty Level: ⭐⭐⭐ (Moderate)

5. AI Research Assistant / Junior Data Scientist

What It Is & What It Involves

These roles support AI research and experimentation, often in academic, healthcare, or enterprise environments. Tasks include:

  • Running experiments
  • Analyzing model performance
  • Data exploration
  • Writing reports and documentation

Why It’s a Good Option

  • Strong foundation for advanced AI careers
  • Exposure to real-world research
  • Great for analytical thinkers

Skills & Preparation Needed

Technical Skills

  • Python or R
  • Statistics and probability
  • Data visualization
  • ML basics

Where to Learn

  • University coursework
  • Research internships
  • Kaggle competitions
  • Online ML/statistics courses

Difficulty Level: ⭐⭐⭐⭐ (Moderate–High)

6. AI Operations (AIOps) / ML Operations (MLOps) Associate

What It Is & What It Involves

AIOps/MLOps professionals help deploy, monitor, and maintain AI systems. Entry-level work includes:

  • Model monitoring
  • Data pipeline support
  • Automation
  • Documentation

Why It’s a Good Option

  • Growing demand as AI systems scale
  • Strong alignment with data engineering
  • Less math-heavy than research roles

Skills & Preparation Needed

Technical Skills

  • Python
  • SQL
  • Cloud basics (Azure, AWS, GCP)
  • CI/CD concepts
  • ML lifecycle understanding

Where to Learn

  • Cloud provider learning paths
  • MLOps tutorials
  • GitHub projects
  • Entry-level data engineering roles

Difficulty Level: ⭐⭐⭐ (Moderate)

7. AI Consultant / AI Business Analyst (Entry Level)

What It Is & What It Involves

AI consultants help organizations understand and implement AI solutions. Entry-level roles focus on:

  • Use-case analysis
  • AI tool evaluation
  • Process improvement
  • Client communication

Why It’s a Good Option

  • Exposure to multiple industries
  • Strong soft-skill development
  • Fast career progression

Skills & Preparation Needed

Key Skills

  • Business analysis
  • AI fundamentals
  • Presentation and communication
  • Problem-solving

Where to Learn

  • Business analytics programs
  • AI fundamentals courses
  • Consulting internships
  • Case study practice

Difficulty Level: ⭐⭐⭐ (Moderate)

8. AI Content & Automation Specialist

What It Is & What It Involves

This role focuses on using AI to automate content, workflows, and internal processes. Tasks include:

  • Building automations
  • Creating AI-generated content
  • Managing tools like Zapier, Notion AI, Copilot

Why It’s a Good Option

  • Very accessible for non-technical graduates
  • High demand in marketing and operations
  • Rapid skill acquisition

Skills & Preparation Needed

Key Skills

  • Workflow automation
  • AI tools usage
  • Creativity and organization
  • Basic scripting (optional)

Where to Learn

  • Zapier and Make tutorials
  • Hands-on projects
  • YouTube and online courses
  • Real business use cases

Difficulty Level: ⭐⭐ (Low–Moderate)

How New Graduates Should Prepare for AI Careers

1. Build Foundations

  • Python or SQL
  • Data literacy
  • AI concepts (not just tools)

2. Practice with Real Projects

  • Personal projects
  • Internships
  • Freelance or volunteer work
  • Kaggle or GitHub portfolios

3. Learn AI Tools Early

  • ChatGPT, Copilot, Gemini
  • AutoML platforms
  • Visualization and automation tools

4. Focus on Communication

AI careers, and careers in general, reward those who can explain complex ideas simply.

Final Thoughts

AI careers are no longer limited to researchers or elite engineers. For early-career professionals, the best path is often a hybrid role that combines AI tools, data, and business understanding. Starting in these roles builds confidence, experience, and optionality—allowing you to grow into more specialized AI positions over time.
And the advice that many professionals give for gaining knowledge and breaking into the space is to “get your hands dirty”.

Good luck on your data journey!

AI, AI Strategy, Analytics, Artificial Intelligence (AI), Data Careers, Data Education & Training, Data News, Data Strategy, Generative AI, Large Language Models (LLMs), Machine Learning (ML), Natural Language Processing (NLP), Uncategorized

The 20 Best AI Tools to Learn for 2026

Artificial intelligence is no longer a niche skill reserved for researchers and engineers—it has become a core capability across nearly every industry. From data analytics and software development to marketing, design, and everyday productivity, AI tools are reshaping how work gets done. As we move into 2026, the pace of innovation continues to accelerate, making it essential to understand not just what AI can do, but which tools are worth learning and why.

This article highlights 20 of the most important AI tools to learn for 2026, spanning general-purpose AI assistants, developer frameworks, creative platforms, automation tools, and autonomous agents. For each tool, you’ll find a clear description, common use cases, reasons it matters, cost considerations, learning paths, and an estimated difficulty level—helping you decide where to invest your time and energy in the rapidly evolving AI landscape. However, even if you don’t learn any of these tools, you should spend the time to learn one or more other AI tool(s) this year.

1. ChatGPT (OpenAI)

Description: A versatile large language model (LLM) that can write, research, code, summarize, and more. Often used for general assistance, content creation, dialogue systems, and prototypes.
Why It Matters: It’s the Swiss Army knife of AI — foundational in productivity, automation, and AI literacy.
Cost: Free tier; Plus/Pro tiers ~$20+/month with faster models and priority access.
How to Learn: Start by using the official tutorials, prompt engineering guides, and building integrations via the OpenAI API.
Difficulty: Beginner

2. Google Gemini / Gemini 3

Description: A multimodal AI from Google that handles text, image, and audio queries, and integrates deeply with Google Workspace. Latest versions push stronger reasoning and creative capabilities. Android Central
Why It Matters: Multimodal capabilities are becoming standard; integration across tools makes it essential for workflows.
Cost: Free tier with paid Pro/Ultra levels for advanced models.
How to Learn: Use Google AI Studio, experiment with prompts, and explore the API.
Difficulty: Beginner–Intermediate

3. Claude (Anthropic)

Description: A conversational AI with long-context handling and enhanced safety features. Excellent for deep reasoning, document analysis, and coding. DataNorth AI
Why It Matters: It’s optimized for enterprise and technical tasks where accuracy over verbosity is critical.
Cost: Free and subscription tiers (varies by use case).
How to Learn: Tutorials via Anthropic’s docs, hands-on in Claude UI/API, real projects like contract analysis.
Difficulty: Intermediate

4. Microsoft Copilot (365 + Dev)

Description: AI assistant built into Microsoft 365 apps and developer tools, helping automate reports, summaries, and code generation.
Why It Matters: It brings AI directly into everyday productivity tools at enterprise scale.
Cost: Included with M365 and GitHub subscriptions; Copilot versions vary by plan.
How to Learn: Microsoft Learn modules and real workflows inside Office apps.
Difficulty: Beginner

5. Adobe Firefly

Description: A generative AI suite focused on creative tasks, from text-to-image/video to editing workflows across Adobe products. Wikipedia
Why It Matters: Creative AI is now essential for design and branding work at scale.
Cost: Included in Adobe Creative Cloud subscriptions (varies).
How to Learn: Adobe tutorials + hands-on in Firefly Web and apps.
Difficulty: Beginner–Intermediate

6. TensorFlow

Description: Open-source deep learning framework from Google used to build and deploy neural networks. Wikipedia
Why It Matters: Core tool for anyone building machine learning models and production systems.
Cost: Free/open source.
How to Learn: TensorFlow courses, hands-on projects, and official tutorials.
Difficulty: Intermediate

7. PyTorch

Description: Another dominant open-source deep learning framework, favored for research and flexibility.
Why It Matters: Central for prototyping new models and customizing architectures.
Cost: Free.
How to Learn: Official tutorials, MOOCs, and community notebooks (e.g., Fast.ai).
Difficulty: Intermediate

8. Hugging Face Transformers

Description: A library of pre-trained models for language and multimodal tasks.
Why It Matters: Makes state-of-the-art models accessible with minimal coding.
Cost: Free; paid tiers for hosted inference.
How to Learn: Hugging Face courses, hands-on fine-tuning tasks.
Difficulty: Intermediate

9. LangChain

Description: Framework to build chain-based, context-aware LLM applications and agents.
Why It Matters: Foundation for building smart workflows and agent applications.
Cost: Free (open-source).
How to Learn: LangChain docs and project tutorials.
Difficulty: Intermediate–Advanced

10. Google Antigravity IDE

Description: AI-first coding environment where AI agents assist development workflows. Wikipedia
Why It Matters: Represents the next step in how developers interact with code — AI as partner.
Cost: Free preview; may move to paid models.
How to Learn: Experiment with projects, follow Google documentation.
Difficulty: Intermediate

11. Perplexity AI

Description: AI research assistant combining conversational AI with real-time web citations.
Why It Matters: Trusted research tool that avoids hallucinations by providing sources. The Case HQ
Cost: Free; Pro versions exist.
How to Learn: Use for query tasks, explore research workflows.
Difficulty: Beginner

12. Notion AI

Description: AI features embedded inside the Notion workspace for notes, automation, and content.
Why It Matters: Enhances organization and productivity in individual and team contexts.
Cost: Notion plans with AI add-ons.
How to Learn: In-app experimentation and productivity courses.
Difficulty: Beginner

13. Runway ML

Description: AI video and image creation/editing platform.
Why It Matters: Brings generative visuals to creators without deep technical skills.
Cost: Free tier with paid access to advanced models.
How to Learn: Runway tutorials and creative projects.
Difficulty: Beginner–Intermediate

14. Synthesia

Description: AI video generation with realistic avatars and multi-language support.
Why It Matters: Revolutionizes training and marketing video creation with low cost. The Case HQ
Cost: Subscription.
How to Learn: Platform tutorials, storytelling use cases.
Difficulty: Beginner

15. Otter.ai

Description: AI meeting transcription, summarization, and collaborative notes.
Why It Matters: Boosts productivity and meeting intelligence in remote/hybrid work. The Case HQ
Cost: Free + Pro tiers.
How to Learn: Use in real meetings; explore integrations.
Difficulty: Beginner

16. ElevenLabs

Description: High-quality voice synthesis and cloning for narration and media.
Why It Matters: Audio content creation is growing — podcasts, games, accessibility, and voice UX require this skill. TechRadar
Cost: Free + paid credits.
How to Learn: Experiment with voice models and APIs.
Difficulty: Beginner

17. Zapier / Make (Automation)

Description: Tools to connect apps and automate workflows with AI triggers.
Why It Matters: Saves time by automating repetitive tasks without code.
Cost: Free + paid plans.
How to Learn: Zapier/Make learning paths and real automation projects.
Difficulty: Beginner

18. MLflow

Description: Open-source ML lifecycle tool for tracking experiments and deploying models. Whizzbridge
Why It Matters: Essential for managing AI workflows in real projects.
Cost: Free.
How to Learn: Hands-on with ML projects and tutorials.
Difficulty: Intermediate

19. NotebookLM

Description: Research assistant for long-form documents and knowledge work.
Why It Matters: Ideal for digesting research papers, books, and technical documents. Reddit
Cost: Varies.
How to Learn: Use cases in academic and professional workflows.
Difficulty: Beginner

20. Manus (Autonomous Agent)

Description: A next-gen autonomous AI agent designed to reason, plan, and execute complex tasks independently. Wikipedia
Why It Matters: Represents the frontier of agentic AI — where models act with autonomy rather than just respond.
Cost: Web-based plans.
How to Learn: Experiment with agent workflows and task design.
Difficulty: Advanced

🧠 How to Get Started With Learning

1. Foundational Concepts:
Begin with basics: prompt engineering, AI ethics, and data fundamentals.

2. Hands-On Practice:
Explore tool documentation, build mini projects, and integrate APIs.

3. Structured Courses:
Platforms like Coursera, Udemy, and official provider academies offer guided paths.

4. Community & Projects:
Join GitHub projects, forums, and Discord groups focused on AI toolchains.

📊 Difficulty Levels (General)

LevelWhat It Means
BeginnerNo coding needed; great for general productivity/creators
IntermediateSome programming or technical concepts required
AdvancedDeep technical skills — frameworks, models, agents

Summary:
2026 will see AI tools become even more integrated into creativity, productivity, research, and automated workflows. Mastery over a mix of general-purpose assistants, developer frameworks, automation platforms, and creative AI gives you both breadth and depth in the evolving AI landscape. It’s going to be another exciting year.
Good luck on your data journey in 2026!

Analytics, Business Intelligence (BI) Development, Data Analysis, Data Development, Data Modeling, Data Wrangling, DP-600, Microsoft Certification, Microsoft Fabric, Power BI

Understanding the Power BI DAX “GENERATE / ROW” Pattern

The GENERATE / ROW pattern is an advanced but powerful DAX technique used to dynamically create rows and expand tables based on calculations. It is especially useful when you need to produce derived rows, combinations, or scenario-based expansions that don’t exist physically in your data model.

This article explains what the pattern is, when to use it, how it works, and provides practical examples. It assumes you are familiar with concepts such as row context, filter context, and iterators.

What Is the GENERATE / ROW Pattern?

At its core, the pattern combines two DAX functions:

  • GENERATE() – Iterates over a table and returns a union of tables generated for each row.
  • ROW() – Creates a single-row table with named columns and expressions.

Together, they allow you to:

  • Loop over an outer table
  • Generate one or more rows per input row
  • Shape those rows using calculated expressions

In effect, this pattern mimics a nested loop or table expansion operation.

Why This Pattern Exists

DAX does not support procedural loops like for or while.
Instead, iteration happens through table functions.

GENERATE() fills a critical gap by allowing you to:

  • Produce variable numbers of rows per input row
  • Apply row-level calculations while preserving relationships and context

Function Overview

GENERATE

GENERATE (
    table1,
    table2
)
  • table1: The outer table being iterated.
  • table2: A table expression evaluated for each row of table1.

The result is a flattened table containing all rows returned by table2 for every row in table1.

ROW

ROW (
    "ColumnName1", Expression1,
    "ColumnName2", Expression2
)
  • Returns a single-row table
  • Expressions are evaluated in the current row context

When Should You Use the GENERATE / ROW Pattern?

This pattern is ideal when:

✅ You Need to Create Derived Rows

Examples:

  • Generating “Start” and “End” rows per record
  • Creating multiple event types per transaction

✅ You Need Scenario or Category Expansion

Examples:

  • Actual vs Forecast vs Budget rows
  • Multiple pricing or discount scenarios

✅ You Need Row-Level Calculations That Produce Rows

Examples:

  • Expanding date ranges into multiple calculated milestones
  • Generating allocation rows per entity

❌ When Not to Use It

  • Simple aggregations → use SUMX, ADDCOLUMNS
  • Static lookup tables → use calculated tables or Power Query
  • High-volume fact tables without filtering (can be expensive)

Basic Example: Expanding Rows with Labels

Scenario

You have a Sales table:

OrderIDAmount
1100
2200

You want to generate two rows per order:

  • One for Gross
  • One for Net (90% of gross)

DAX Code

Sales Breakdown =
GENERATE (
    Sales,
    ROW (
        "Type", "Gross",
        "Value", Sales[Amount]
    )
    &
    ROW (
        "Type", "Net",
        "Value", Sales[Amount] * 0.9
    )
)

Result

OrderIDTypeValue
1Gross100
1Net90
2Gross200
2Net180

Key Concept: Context Transition

Inside ROW():

  • You are operating in row context
  • Columns from the outer table (Sales) are directly accessible
  • No need for EARLIER() or variables in most cases

This makes the pattern cleaner and easier to reason about.

Intermediate Example: Scenario Modeling

Scenario

You want to model multiple pricing scenarios for each product.

ProductBasePrice
A50
B100

Scenarios:

  • Standard (100%)
  • Discounted (90%)
  • Premium (110%)

DAX Code

Product Pricing Scenarios =
GENERATE (
    Products,
    UNION (
        ROW ( "Scenario", "Standard",   "Price", Products[BasePrice] ),
        ROW ( "Scenario", "Discounted", "Price", Products[BasePrice] * 0.9 ),
        ROW ( "Scenario", "Premium",    "Price", Products[BasePrice] * 1.1 )
    )
)

Result

ProductScenarioPrice
AStandard50
ADiscounted45
APremium55
BStandard100
BDiscounted90
BPremium110

Advanced Example: Date-Based Expansion

Scenario

For each project, generate two milestone rows:

  • Start Date
  • End Date
ProjectStartDateEndDate
X2024-01-012024-03-01

DAX Code

Project Milestones =
GENERATE (
    Projects,
    UNION (
        ROW (
            "Milestone", "Start",
            "Date", Projects[StartDate]
        ),
        ROW (
            "Milestone", "End",
            "Date", Projects[EndDate]
        )
    )
)

This is especially useful for timeline visuals or event-based reporting.

Performance Considerations ⚠️

The GENERATE / ROW pattern can be computationally expensive.

Best Practices

  • Filter the outer table as early as possible
  • Avoid using it on very large fact tables
  • Prefer calculated tables over measures when expanding rows
  • Test with realistic data volumes

Common Mistakes

❌ Using GENERATE When ADDCOLUMNS Is Enough

If you’re only adding columns—not rows—ADDCOLUMNS() is simpler and faster.

❌ Forgetting Table Shape Consistency

All ROW() expressions combined with UNION() must return the same column structure.

❌ Overusing It in Measures

This pattern is usually better suited for calculated tables, not measures.

Mental Model to Remember

Think of the GENERATE / ROW pattern as:

“For each row in this table, generate one or more calculated rows and stack them together.”

If that sentence describes your problem, this pattern is likely the right tool.

Final Thoughts

The GENERATE / ROW pattern is one of those DAX techniques that feels complex at first—but once understood, it unlocks entire classes of modeling and analytical solutions that are otherwise impossible.

Used thoughtfully, it can replace convoluted workarounds, reduce model complexity, and enable powerful scenario-based reporting.

Thanks for reading!

AI, AI Strategy, Analytics, Artificial Intelligence (AI), Data Analysis, Data Careers, Data Education & Training, Data Governance, Data Integration, Data News, Data Science, Data Strategy, Generative AI, Machine Learning (ML), Natural Language Processing (NLP)

AI in Retail and eCommerce: Personalization at Scale Meets Operational Intelligence
“AI in …” series

Retail and eCommerce sit at the intersection of massive data volume, thin margins, and constantly shifting customer expectations. From predicting what customers want to buy next to optimizing global supply chains, AI has become a core capability—not a nice-to-have—for modern retailers.

What makes retail especially interesting is that AI touches both the customer-facing experience and the operational backbone of the business, often at the same time.

How AI Is Being Used in Retail and eCommerce Today

AI adoption in retail spans the full value chain:

Personalized Recommendations & Search

  • Amazon uses machine learning models to power its recommendation engine, driving a significant portion of total sales through “customers also bought” and personalized homepages.
  • Netflix-style personalization, but for shopping: retailers tailor product listings, pricing, and promotions in real time.

Demand Forecasting & Inventory Optimization

  • Walmart applies AI to forecast demand at the store and SKU level, accounting for seasonality, local events, and weather.
  • Target uses AI-driven forecasting to reduce stockouts and overstocks, improving both customer satisfaction and margins.

Dynamic Pricing & Promotions

  • Retailers use AI to adjust prices based on demand, competitor pricing, inventory levels, and customer behavior.
  • Amazon is the most visible example, adjusting prices frequently using algorithmic pricing models.

Customer Service & Virtual Assistants

  • Shopify merchants use AI-powered chatbots for order tracking, returns, and product questions.
  • H&M and Sephora deploy conversational AI for styling advice and customer support.

Fraud Detection & Payments

  • AI models detect fraudulent transactions in real time, especially important for eCommerce and buy-now-pay-later (BNPL) models.

Computer Vision in Physical Retail

  • Amazon Go stores use computer vision, sensors, and deep learning to enable cashierless checkout.
  • Zara (Inditex) uses computer vision to analyze in-store traffic patterns and product engagement.

Tools, Technologies, and Forms of AI in Use

Retailers typically rely on a mix of foundational and specialized AI technologies:

  • Machine Learning & Deep Learning
    Used for forecasting, recommendations, pricing, and fraud detection.
  • Natural Language Processing (NLP)
    Powers chatbots, sentiment analysis of reviews, and voice-based shopping.
  • Computer Vision
    Enables cashierless checkout, shelf monitoring, loss prevention, and in-store analytics.
  • Generative AI & Large Language Models (LLMs)
    Used for product description generation, marketing copy, personalized emails, and internal copilots.
  • Retail AI Platforms
    • Salesforce Einstein for personalization and customer insights
    • Adobe Sensei for content, commerce, and marketing optimization
    • Shopify Magic for product descriptions, FAQs, and merchant assistance
    • AWS, Azure, and Google Cloud AI for scalable ML infrastructure

Benefits Retailers Are Realizing

Retailers that have successfully adopted AI report measurable benefits:

  • Higher Conversion Rates through personalization
  • Improved Inventory Turns and reduced waste
  • Lower Customer Service Costs via automation
  • Faster Time to Market for campaigns and promotions
  • Better Customer Loyalty through more relevant, consistent experiences

In many cases, AI directly links customer experience improvements to revenue growth.

Pitfalls and Challenges

Despite widespread adoption, AI in retail is not without risk:

Bias and Fairness Issues

  • Recommendation and pricing algorithms can unintentionally disadvantage certain customer groups or reinforce biased purchasing patterns.

Data Quality and Fragmentation

  • Poor product data, inconsistent customer profiles, or siloed systems limit AI effectiveness.

Over-Automation

  • Some retailers have over-relied on AI-driven customer service, frustrating customers when human support is hard to reach.

Cost vs. ROI Concerns

  • Advanced AI systems (especially computer vision) can be expensive to deploy and maintain, making ROI unclear for smaller retailers.

Failed or Stalled Pilots

  • AI initiatives sometimes fail because they focus on experimentation rather than operational integration.

Where AI Is Headed in Retail and eCommerce

Several trends are shaping the next phase of AI in retail:

  • Hyper-Personalization
    Experiences tailored not just to the customer, but to the moment—context, intent, and channel.
  • Generative AI at Scale
    Automated creation of product content, marketing campaigns, and even storefront layouts.
  • AI-Driven Merchandising
    Algorithms suggesting what products to carry, where to place them, and how to price them.
  • Blended Physical + Digital Intelligence
    More retailers combining in-store computer vision with online behavioral data.
  • AI as a Copilot for Merchants and Marketers
    Helping teams plan assortments, campaigns, and promotions faster and with more confidence.

How Retailers Can Gain an Advantage

To compete effectively in this fast-moving environment, retailers should:

  1. Focus on Data Foundations First
    Clean product data, unified customer profiles, and reliable inventory systems are essential.
  2. Start with Customer-Critical Use Cases
    Personalization, availability, and service quality usually deliver the fastest ROI.
  3. Balance Automation with Human Oversight
    AI should augment merchandisers, marketers, and store associates—not replace them outright.
  4. Invest in Responsible AI Practices
    Transparency, fairness, and explainability build trust with customers and regulators.
  5. Upskill Retail Teams
    Merchants and marketers who understand AI can use it more creatively and effectively.

Final Thoughts

AI is rapidly becoming the invisible engine behind modern retail and eCommerce. The winners won’t necessarily be the companies with the most advanced algorithms—but those that combine strong data foundations, thoughtful AI governance, and a relentless focus on customer experience.

In retail, AI isn’t just about selling more—it’s about selling smarter, at scale.